The work in ENIGMA is divided into projects on (1) genetics, screening genomic data for predictors of individual variations in brain structure, function, and connectivity (2) disease, screening brain measures to identify patterns of differences in the major brain diseases and factors that affect them and (3) methods development. ENIGMA is now (as of October 2015) a worldwide consortium, organized into over 30 working groups, studying major brain diseases (detailed at ). Since the initial effort discovered consistent effects worldwide of genetic variants that explained less than 1% of the variance in brain measures ( Stein et al., 2015 Hibar and the CHARGE and ENIGMA2 Consortia, submitted for publication Hibar et al., 2015a, b, in press), over 500 scientists have joined ENIGMA. Founded in 2009, ENIGMA's initial aims were to perform genome-wide analyses to identify common variants in the genome that are reliably associated with normal variability in brain structure.
#Enigma t.n.t. for the brain update
Here we provide an update on the progress of the ENIGMA consortium, a global alliance of over 500 scientists from over 200 institutions in 35 countries to study brain imaging data worldwide, discovering factors that modulate brain structure, integrity, connectivity, and patterns of brain differences in major brain diseases. We discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these predictors to individual subjects and new cohorts, as well as lessons we have learned in ENIGMA's efforts so far. It is generating vast pools of normative data on brain measures – from tens of thousands of people – that may help detect deviations from normal development or aging in specific groups of subjects. The ENIGMA consortium is discovering factors that consistently affect brain structure and function that will serve as future predictors linking individual brain scans and genomic data. Downstream of gene findings, ENIGMA has revealed how these individual variants – and genetic variants in general – may affect both the brain and risk for a range of diseases. In partnership with other consortia including ADNI, CHARGE, IMAGEN and others 1, ENIGMA's genomic screens – now numbering over 30,000 MRI scans – have revealed at least 8 genetic loci that affect brain volumes. In some of the largest neuroimaging studies to date – of schizophrenia and major depression – ENIGMA has found replicable disease effects on the brain that are consistent worldwide, as well as factors that modulate disease effects. Initially formed to detect genetic influences on brain measures, ENIGMA has grown to over 30 working groups studying 12 major brain diseases by pooling and comparing brain data.
In this review, we discuss recent work by the ENIGMA Consortium ( ) – a global alliance of over 500 scientists spread across 200 institutions in 35 countries collectively analyzing brain imaging, clinical, and genetic data. Wright, br Jieping Ye, bs, bt and the ENIGMA Consortium Veltman, h, bk, bl Henrik Walter, bn Yalin Wang, bo Joanna M. Nichols, au, av Tomas Paus, aw, ax, ay Zdenka Pausova, az, ba Lianne Schmaal, bk, bl Gunter Schumann, u Li Shen, bb, bc Sanjay M. Martin, as Bernard Mazoyer, ar Colm McDonald, o Sarah E. Lee, an, ao, ap Scott Mackey, aq Nicholas G. Hulshoff Pol, i Norbert Hosten, ak Neda Jahanshad, a Sinead Kelly, a Peter Kochunov, al William S. Hibar, a Dominic Holland, r Martine Hoogman, aa, k Hilleke E. Grabe, ag, ah Tulio Guadalupe, y, ai Boris A. Fisher, y, k Jean-Paul Fouche, z Clyde Francks, y, k Sophia Frangou, w Barbara Franke, aa, ab, k Habib Ganjgahi, ac Hugh Garavan, ad David C. de Reus, i Sylvane Desrivieres, u Danai Dima, v, w Gary Donohoe, x Simon E. Andreassen, b, c Alejandro Arias-Vasquez, d Carrie E.
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